Monday, 17 December 2012

1905-12-30



Wasn’t it Sancho Panza who prayed a benediction on the man who invented sleep? The vicious taste for early rising is an acquired taste. No man ever gets up early in the morning because he likes it. Necessity, an unquiet conscience, a tooth ache or dyspepsia is always at the beginning of a downward course of early rising. That it is a vicious habit we are prepared to maintain, for when it has gained a hold upon a man, when he has really acquired a smacking relish for it, he has lost forever the power to enjoy an occasional morning nap – as dessert after the feast of slumber – and he is a plague to everyone in the house. He rattles the furnace or hard coal burner when honest people should be calmly sleeping the sleep of the just, and he arouses his wife and daughters and sets the pots and pans on the cooking range on a wild dance, and then before Dame Nature has had half a chance to get the world ready for daylight, he goes shouting through the house, and the beauty sleep with which wife and daughters have been vainly coquetting is frightened away by the distracting din. Horrid man! Then he is nearly always nervous, irritable and pugnacious. Probably he was out the night before at a lodge meeting, and the late supper brought on one of his usual fits of indigestion. He cannot sleep himself, and thinks the family should awake early in sympathy with him. He rushes on his nervous way through life, makes innumerable mistakes through an unsteady brain, and either worries his way into an early grave or makes life miserable for everyone around him.

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          Early rising is a modern invention. Abraham, Jacob, Moses, Joshua and the other patriarchs mentioned in the Bible got up early so seldom that it is considered a matter worthy of note in the scriptures, and the only approach to a command to arise early is a resolve of the Psalmist : “I will awake early in the morning” – a resolve which there is no record of having been kept; and judging from our own personal experience under similar circumstances, he doubtless slept later on the occasions than usual. Alarm clocks were unknown in the days of the patriarchs, and the man who invented them must have been enemy to his family and his race. The Psalmist did not resolve to arise early in the morning simply to awake. On the other hand, there are many passages of scripture that would seem to condemn the habit. Isaiah seemed to appreciate the reason which leads many to arise early, when he says ; “Woe unto them that rise up early in the morning that they may follow strong drink.” This is certainly scriptural proof that some of the old boys were no better than men of the present generation. And that after being out all night at the lodge, they had a cottony taste in their mouths in the morning that had to be cured with the hair of the dog that bit them. “And when they arose early in the morning, behold they were all dead corpses.” Ah! those sly old rascals. What times they must have had, and it is only when we take a dip into sacred history that we really get the bottom facts.

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          Then what a knowledge of the ways of the early risers who keep house is evinced in the proverb of the wise man : “He that blesseth his friend with aloud voice rising early in the morning, it shall be counted a curse to him.” Not only is early rising not commanded by scripture, but it is a sin against nature. It is false to suppose that it will make one healthy or wealthy or wise. In times of pestilence or epidemics, the early riser is the first to fall, and the man who works before breakfast feels wrong in his stomach all day, and the chances are that he will be led into the habit of taking a “bracer” or two to tone up his stomach before eating the matutinal meal. It unfits a man for business, it makes him nervous and unsettled, and nine times out of ten, he leaves home in the morning without kissing wife and the babies, and if he goes out of doors, he is apt to give the dog a parting kick. He who got off that old chestnut that the early bird catches the worm, forgot to tell the whole that the early worm is caught by the bird. It does not make a man wise to get up at the peep o’day. The morning sleep is as much needed as that of the night, and it is more enjoyable when one knows and feels that it is time to be up and doing. It has its economy in the life of man. The half-conscious half hour in the morning has its ministry to the brain, and the wise man is he who listens dreamily to the sound of Angelus bell, who presses his feet against the footboard of the bed, who puts the pillow into new shape again, and wanders off into dreamland. The labor unions have not divided time fairly. Instead of eight hours for work, eight hours for sleep, two hours more should be looped off work and added to sleep.

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          Before Hamilton lost its prestige as a lake shipping port, the wharves down at the bay used to be lined with vessels of all descriptions during the winter months, and consequently there was a large number of the families of the sailors who made their home here. The other day we came across a list of shipping that spent the winter of 1867-68 at this port, which may recall to the memory of those interested in lake navigation 35 and 49 years ago, the stirring times when Burlington bay was a seaport. The vessels that wintered here that year were the steamers Osprey and Ottawa; propellers Acadia and India; brigs Southampton,  L. D. Woodruff, China, D. McInnes, Florence, New Dominion, Malta, Orion, Marco Polo, Union Jack and John  Rae. The schooner Persia, with a full cargo, got caught in Burlington canal and was frozen there till the ice let go its hold. The schooner Alvord with a cargo of grain, was driven on Burlington beach as she was trying to get away with her last shipment for the season, and it was not till springtime that she was released.

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          A story was told of S. B. Freeman, the silver-tongued orator of the bar back in the early ‘50s. He was once employed to plead two cases in court, which were precisely alike, but in one he was engaged for the defendant and in the other for the plaintiff. It happened that both cases were tried the same day, the one following the other. Mr. Freeman made an eloquent plea of half an hour to the first jury, and when they had retired the other case was called. Although the cases were almost identical, he made use of entirely different arguments to the jury. This rather amused the judge, and he quietly reminded his learned friend that he had changed his tune, repeating to him what he had said before in the other case. With one of his blandest smiles, Mr. Freeman replied : “May it please your honor, I might have been wrong half an hour ago, but know I know that I am right.” He finished his argument, and when the two juries returned with their verdicts, Mr. Freeman had won out in both cases.

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          When the waterworks were first opened in this city, the chairman of the commissioners had the principal streets watered from the hydrants by means of a section of hose. This was done at very little cost, and the plan was continued till the men who owned horses wanted the job of sprinkling the streets with the old-fashioned sprinklers.

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          When he was a young man, George Black, manager of the G. N. W. telegraph office in this city was in rather a ticklish place, in a case that was being tried between the Great Western railway company and James M. Hillburn, concerning the transportation of a carload of cattle. On behalf of the railway company, Mr. Black was subpoenaed, by whom it was sought to prove that certain instructions had been sent by telegraph as to what disposal should be made of the cattle. Here was a delicate point to settle. If Mr. Black violated the confidence reposted in him as a trusted and confidential officer of the telegraph company, he would be liable to a heavy fine and imprisonment. If he refused to produce the original copy of the message in court then he was liable to be treated as a contumacious witness and fined or imprisoned as the court directed. Aemilius Irving, solicitor for the railway company, insisted as his right that the message be produced in court, and this brought the question up to the judge for decision. Mr. Black was between two fires; he must either violate the confidence reposed as the manager of the telegraph office, or run the risk of going to jail or paying a fine if he persisted in his refusal to furnish the original message. It was a new point in law, and never been passed upon by the Canadian courts. The case was being tried in the division court, Judge Alexander Logie, presiding. Mr. Black was firm in his refusal to produce the copy of the message, and the judge ordered that he be fined $8, and in default of payment the manager should spend ten days in jail. In consideration of the circumstances, Judge Logie was willing to remit the penalty, if Mr. Irvine would consent , but the lawyer would not listen to the court’s plea for mercy. Mr. Black paid the fine. Probably the old manager has a vivid recollection of the trying ordeal through which he passed.

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          The old year is slipping away and in a few hours more, it will be numbered with the past. Let us hope that the readers of the Musings can look back with pleasure to the past, and that the future years may bring them a renewed happiness and prosperity. It is a good time, on the threshold of a new year, to look back upon the records of the past, and if there is aught that needs changing, determine to begin 1906 with a clean balance sheet. What more appropriate time for the drinking man to resolve to begin a new life and free himself from the slavery of the intoxicating cup. Why should less than 100 saloon keepers in Hamilton be supported in luxury at the expense of 15,000 to 20,000 workingmen? Why should you, my tippling friend, be one of that number to rob yourself and your family of the comforts of life, that a man may stand behind a bar and hand you out that which, as Shakespeare says, “steals away your brains?” The Muser can go back in memory to hundreds of young men who began the race of life with him more than a half century ago who dropped by the wayside because of an accursed appetite for strong drink. The love of liquor has been the besetting sin of men who might today be living in comfort instead of in perury and want. But we have gone over this subject time and again in these Musings, still the desire to call it up again is strong in the writer’s heart today. Ten years ago, a Hamilton man who had passed through the terrible ordeal of a drunkard’s life determined to begin the new year by turning over a clean page in his life history. He is a man of fine education, charming manners, and even in his worst estate was kind and affectionate to his family. A fortune had been left him by a wealthy relative and being of a convivial nature, he found friends only too willing to help him get rid of his money. The larger part of that fortune crossed the saloon bar and his life was wrecked. Ten years ago today, he decided to call a halt, and having but one more day to the close of 1896, he decided to celebrate it by testing his holding capacity. On new year’s morning, when he appeared at the breakfast table, he announced to his family that there was to be a new order of things thereafter, and a new man was going to take the place at the head of the household. Henceforth he would never taste another glass of liquor. Say! wasn’t that a happy household that new year’s morning! And he has been faithful to his promise. One morning this week, he met the writer in the street, and he was so jolly and happy that he could not refrain from telling the story of his reformed habits. “For the first two years,” said he, “the old appetite kept biting and demanding the old stimulant, but I fought it out; and since then I have had no ore desire for liquor, and the past ten years have been the happiest of my life.” He had that English bulldog grip in his makeup that brought him through the trail victoriously. It is worth the trial, my unfortunate brother, and if you have not already decided to begin a new life next Monday, make the resolve now, and back it up with your manhood. To how many families would it be a happy new year if the husband or son with an appetite for strong drink would manfully decide to cut it out and begin a new lease of life and happiness?

Saturday, 15 December 2012

1908-12-19



My ! My! Here it is Christmas again, and it only seems to be the other day that we were celebrating the Christmas of 1907. How time flies! Away back sixty or seventy years ago, when we old stagers were boys and girls in Hamilton, it seemed so long between the Christmas anniversaries that we used to think that the next Christmas would never come. Happy days of childhood, when we laid awake on Christmas eve waiting for dear old Santa Claus , with his reindeer and his sleigh loaded with presents to gladden our hearts in the morning. The wiseacres were not then abroad to tell us that Santa was only a myth, nor did the learned preachers denounce from their pulpits parents who delighted to tell their children stories of the old fellow coming down the chimney and filling the stockings that were hung in front of the old-fashioned fireplace, for stoves were a rare comfort in Hamilton, except in the homes of the well-to-class. Old Hamiltonians will never forget those days. They may have more money now and live in better houses, heated with hot water or hot air, but that they are happier than in the old days is a question that will stand discussion. The Christmas gifts were not as expensive then as now, but they were usually confined to the family circle and represented the loving heart of the giver. Got into any one of the stores in Hamilton now and peep at the line of articles for children alone, and the wonder is, can the merchant possibly dispose of his stock between now and Thursday night. In the olden times, a child that got a cheaply-constructed rocking horse was the envy of all the children in the neighborhood; now a horse and carriage like they have in the George W. Robinson store, worth $20 to $25 is the least thing these twentieth century children expect. And when it comes to selecting for older children, the father and mother are at a standstill. Nothing less than a diamond ring for the oldest daughter, who expects, in the course of human events, to become a bride when flowers bloom in the spring, tra-la-la, and then all the other young ladies of the family must have something out of the common, or else their hearts will be sad when they see what Jennie, who lives next door, has received from her parents. A pair of skates, a sled, a pocket knife, or something of that kind used to make an average boy happy; but, on your life, such a present is not to be considered now. Poor old dad has to hustle around these Christmas times if he expects to keep up with the procession.

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          Probably the old stagers are but dreamers who think there is nothing now like it was fifty and sixty years ago when this blessed city did not have as much wealth or as many people. But times have certainly changed for the better or worse as you like to look at it. Hamilton was quite a musical town away back in the early fifties, and during the holiday week, the serenaders were out every night, making the air melodious with sweet songs and stringed instruments. The custom of waifs in the old country had been transplanted to Canada, and the night before Christmas, the boys and girls, led by their singing school teacher, visited their friends and out in the frosty air would ring the carols, While Shepherds Watched Their Flocks by Night and kindred hymns from the Anglican book of prayer. Then the bright songs of the day, such as Come Where My Love Lies Dreaming, I Forget the Gay World, Larboard Watch. Ah! Those are days to look back to into pleasant memory, for we lived in the happy days of young manhood and womanhood, giving but little thought to the morrow. Our incomes were small, for labor did not receive as good wages then; but expenses were lighter, for in those days, the average child was educated in the school of economy. And talk about Christmas markets now. They are not in it with the two thousand pound steers rolling in fats, the juicy mutton, the little pigs harnessed up with links of sausage, looking as cute as a box of monkeys that the Wingalls, the Lawrys, old Dick Passmore, Bob Ramsey, Bill Tillman and other old-time butchers used to prepare for the Christmas market in the old market house that used to stand on the site of the present city hall. Then the turkeys, geese, ducks, chickens that one could buy so cheap that even the poorest family in the city could afford to eat poultry at the prevailing prices. Think of a fat goose for a quarter of a dollar, and as handsome a turkey as ever flew over a fence for forty and fifty cents. And they were tender and juicy. The raising of tender beef seems to be a lost art in Canada.

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          This is the season for jollity and mirth, and if we only use the blessings sent us and not abuse them, the year will end in happiness. The unfortunates who are so convinced that they want to patronize every one of the seventy or eighty barrooms, and join the song, We Won’t Go Home Till Morning, wake up late on Christmas mornings with heads too large for even half a bushel measure to cover, and with a taste in their mouths as though they had been feeding at a garbage barrel. Cut that part of the celebration out, and it might not be a bad idea to forget the past and turn over a new leaf. The poet tells us, “While the lamp holds out to burn, the vilest sinner may return.” The drinking habit is the curse of the present day and generation, and while we may flatter ourselves that the world is growing better and wiser on that line; statistics will not endorse the statement. Think of this, boys, as the year draws to a close and don’t wait till tomorrow to turn over a new leaf, give it a flirt now.

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          From far away out in Colorado came an ancient copy of a New York illustrated paper, and among the cuts was a picture that brought back to this old Muser a scene of more than fifty years ago. It was a picture of old Cataract fire company No. 2, taken on a holiday occasion shortly after the company came into possession of their new engine, in the year 1857, and surrounding the engine is a group of over one hundred members. At that time, Alexander J. Campbell was captain of the company, Richard Butler, first lieutenant, and Joseph Kneeshaw, second lieutenant. Charles Smith, the city messenger, had charge of the apparatus of the entire department, having been appointed to that position when Samuel Sawyer was chief engineer. The boys of No. 2 were proud of their new engine. It was made in Montreal by the Perry Brothers, and cost about $1,000. The Grand Trunk and the Great Western railway companies made a large reduction in the freight charges, as the engine was mainly bought by the individual subscriptions of the members, the insurance companies giving a little help. Hamilton was poor in those days, 1857 being the year of the panic, and the city treasury was very low in funds. Talk about overdrafts! In amount, the overdrafts of the present day are modest when compared with then. The city was then arranging to begin the construction of the waterworks and the city fathers did not want to invest money in fire engines when they expected that the pressure of the waterworks would throw a stream over the highest building in the city, which at that time was not over three stories in height. It was a great day when they brought the new engine up from the depot. The company engaged the artillery band, and invited the chief engineer and the officers of the department to join them in the parade. The engine was given its first test down at the Great Western docks, which was rather a failure on account of some defect in the plungers, but one of the Perrys came with the engine, and in a day or two, he repaired the plunger. They were a proud lot, as the company came marching up James street to the Gore, with the band and the department officers in the lead. Joseph Hoodless, who was captain of No. 1 company, was as proud of the new Cataract as if it belonged to his own company, and in his hearty and homely way, he complimented Captain Campbell and the officers of No. 2 for their enterprise in bringing such a handsome engine to the city, and especially because it was made in Canada. The city had bought for No. 3 company a new engine from Rochester, N. Y., and even in those days there was a feeling among manufacturers of Hamilton that Canadians should have the preference, all things being equal. That was in the old days of free trade, when Canada bought everything in the United States and the old country, and Canadian workmen chewed the bitter cud of idleness. Even in those long ago days, Joseph Hoodless was learning the lesson of protection for Canadian manufacturers, but it took twenty years before the protection plank was nailed on the political platform.

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          Of the more than one hundred members of the company who were on parade that day, only twelve are now living in Hamilton, and it is reasonable to presume that a large majority of the others have answered the last roll call. The survivors are : Joseph Kneeshaw, Richard Butler, Charles Smith, W. J. McAllister, George LeRiche, William Dicker, Thomas Mead, Wm. Gilmour, Robert Christie, Wm. McClelland, Wm. Syme and Colonel Stoneman  who was the company’s torch boy.  No. 2 company was organized about the year 1851 by members of the Sons of Temperance, and no one was admitted to membership unless he was a total abstainer from alcoholic liquors, and in its ranks were many of the leading businessmen of the city. Indeed, it was considered to be somewhat of an honor to be enrolled as a member. For the first three or four years, no one could be elected as an officer who was not a member of the church and, as a general thing, they had to be Methodists. Thomas C. Watkins, Alexander Hamilton, Robert Kneeshaw and William a. Shephard were among the leaders and when the company began to admit boys who were not of the church – but they had to be total abstainers – the four gentlemen named were placed on the roll of honorary members. Of the old boys, many drifted out of Hamilton during the next two or three years after the panic in 1857 and when the civil war opened in the United States, there enlisted in the ranks of the Union army, a number of members of the old Cataract No. 2 Captain Alexander J. Campbell was in business in the city of St. Louis in ’61 and served through till the close of the war. He died a few years ago in the city of Boston. His wife is now living with a daughter in Indianapolis, and is drawing a pension of $12 a month. The others enlisted in different states, and so far as the Muser knows, have long since mustered out.
          Tom Grey, better known as “The Dodger,” was then manager of the Times newspaper and a member of the city council. Tom’s great ambition was to be re-elected chief of the fire department, a position he had held some years before, but the members of the department would not have him. Hugh Boyd was their choice for he had been chief the year before, having succeeded  Sam Sawyer. As a member of the fire and water committee of the council, Tom Grey succeeded in getting a bylaw passed giving council the power to elect a chief for the fire department and thus Tom gained the coveted prize. The next day, after the council had elected the chief, the department held a meeting in the Mechanics’ hall, and the speakers gave the council all that was coming to it for its interference. It was then decided by a unanimous vote to disband, and each company went to its own engine house, drew the apparatus up to the market square and backed it up against the curb at the side of the old city hall. With three cheers and a tiger, the boys disbanded forever. Very few, if any of them, joined the new department under Tom Grey. At the time of the reunion of the old boys in Hamilton in 1903, an effort was made to organize the old volunteer firemen to take part in the parade. About half a dozen of the members of No. 2, and one here and there from the other companies in the sixties, making it about fifteen who responded. They all made quite a creditable turnout, and with the old-time hand fire engine made one of the features of the parade. An ancient fire engine of Moses and Robert Raw was bought by Chief Aitchison and Assessment Commissioner John Hall, and this has been preserved as a souvenir of the department that was organized in the forties. One afternoon, during the carnival, Chief Aitchison invited a few of the men who belonged before 1855 to have their pictures taken with the old engine, and the following responded : Joshua Phillips, Reese Evans, Moses and Robert Raw, Charles r. Hunt, Charles Hardy, Joseph Kneeshaw and Richard Butler. Two of that small number have passed away since that noted carnival day. When an old dreamer gets started telling the story of ancient days in Hamilton, he is apt to forget that it may not be as interesting to the present generation of readers as it is to him and those who lived in this dear old city away back fifty and sixty years ago. But we will bring this story to a close by wishing all readers of these Musings a merry Christmas.

Saturday, 8 December 2012

1911-12-09



About fifty-five years ago, on the suggestion of a porter in a St. Louis hotel, John D. Rockefeller invested $1,000 in oil speculation. John D. had been a clerk in a country store near Cleveland, Ohio, and being prudent and saving, he took care of the pennies, and they slowly increased to dollars till the first thousand dollars was reached. He knew what amount of labor it cost to make a dollar, and he had the good judgment to save instead of squandering it. Hamilton had a few of those thrifty boys away back in the early days of its history, and some of them became millionaires, even though they did not have oil wells to draw upon as did Mr. Rockefeller. About seventy years ago, or probably earlier, when real estate could be bought in Hamilton for almost the proverbial song, Joseph Lister attached himself to a block of land in what is now the business heart of the town. By degrees he improved it as the demand form store buildings increased, till when the time came for him to pass on to the other world, he left one of the most valuable blocks of stone-front buildings occupying the east side of James street, from King William to Merrick streets. Today the rental value of that property is the foundation of independent fortunes for his family and their children’s children. This is only one case of a score that might be mentioned of how the old boys of Hamilton economized when they were starting in life. Unfortunately for some of their descendants they did not plan as wisely as their fathers, and the riches that were slowly gathered took themselves to wings and hiked out. Many of them fortunes made by the fathers have been squandered by the children, while others have been prudent and added to their patrimony.

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          When one gets started on a subject like this, the mind is apt to take wide flights, therefore, we will get back to our text. The prudent and careful business habits of John D. Rockefeller are worthy the attention of the boys who are beginning life and have their first thousand dollars to save in order to get a start. It is not at all likely that John D. ever smoked a cigarette, drank a glass of liquor, bet on the ponies or on a ball game, or ever played bridge or poker. The chances are that if he had started in life with such habits, he would never have saved that thousand dollars, and as a result, he would not have been enabled to invest in coal oil stocks. And there you are, boys, We hardly think it was John D.’s piety that was the foundation of his wealth, although it is a good thing to go to church and Sunday school in the days of one’s youth: for if he had really been a pious youth, he never would have skimmed the small coal operators during the half century that he was piling up his fortune, but would have given them a chance to get a little of the oil. David Harum said : “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you, but do it to them first.” Evidently that was John D.’s golden rule in life – doing it to the other fellow first. From being a clerk in a country store fifty-five years ago down to the present time, John D. has grown to be the richest man in the world. But it must be said that while he was gobbling up all the little fellows who had engaged in the development of coal oil wells, he divided up with the people who were consumers of coal oil. This old Muser remembers that when coal oil was first introduced for consumption in Hamilton, it was called rock oil, and was vile-smelling stuff. Down to that time, the people were using candles and camphene fluid and fish oil for house lighting for it was only the rich who could indulge in the luxury of gas at $4 per thousand feet to their homes. In the year 1860, coal oil was advertised in the Hamilton papers at $1.50 per gallon. John D. and his compeers were then experimenting in extracting some of the bad smell from the oil, and in time, they built expensive refineries at Cleveland and kept on improving the quality of the stuff. From $1.50 a gallon, the price of the oil has gradually decreased till it gets got down as low as ten cents a gallon. F or this much, at least, the Standard oil company is deserving of credit. That great corporation made its millions of money out of the by-products and in crushing out the smaller companies. The United States government has now said to the Standard Oil corporation that there must be a change in the management of affairs and that a new order of things must prevail. John D. and his sons and his relatives have taken advantage of the change in its management. Andrew Carnegie once said that it was a disgrace for a man to die rich. Andrew will never end his days in a poor house even though he hands out large sums every year to build libraries. John D. is not as profligate with his wealth, and the chances are that when the death angel calls for him, the angel will take with him the richest man in the world.

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          It was one of the dreams of the early town fathers of Hamilton that one day an artistic clock tower would be built in the center of the King street Gore , between Hughson and John streets, and in it a clock be placed that forever would mark time for future generations of Hamiltonians and be a memorial of the town council that built it. At that time, the Gore was not a thing of beauty, for it was the wood and grain market and the mecca of the town cows that strolled around that way to swipe a mouthful of hay from the farm wagons. That dream was long before the present city hall was built and its tower dedicated to the town cl9ock. The old boys that sat around the table a half century ago had many bright dreams of the future greatness of the Ambitious city which have never been realized, but in all they never planned for a city like unto what Hamilton is now. The first half of the Gore was finally rescued from being the dumping ground of the stores that surrounded it and transformed into one of the most delightful breathing spots to be found in any city on this Canadian continent; but it will not long be so, for there is a movement now on foot to convert that beautiful plot of grass and flowers and shade trees into a “public convenience” for the use of the loafers who gather there in the summertime instead of being at work earning a living for themselves and families. Tell it not in Gath, whisper it not in the streets of Askelon, that Hamilton ever selected controllers and councilors who would be guilty of even suggesting such a thing. To ruin this beauty spot, in which every decent Hamiltonian takes a pride, the people are asked to vote a bonded debt of $18,000 to pay the cost of this desecration. Thousands of dollars have been spent on improving the Gore from James to John streets; and no $18,000 more is asked to make it a vile stench!

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          The young man, as he passes through life, advances through a long line of tempters ranged on either side of him, and the inevitable effect of yielding is degradation in a greater or lesser degree. On every hand as one passes is the social temptation of going into a saloon and taking the first glass of beer or wine with a friend. Especially is the case in the holiday season, when there seems to be more freedom of action than during the other eleven months of the year. The second entrance into the saloon, and the good cheer that prevails, makes it always easier than the first, and it does not take one very long to become accustomed to the temptation and the following of it up. In Samuel Smiles’ Self-Help, we are forcefully told that contact with temptation tends insensibly to draw away from the young man some portion of the divine electric element with which his nature is charged, and his only mode of resisting it to utter and act his “no!” manfully and resolutely. He must decide at once, not waiting to deliberate and balance reasons; for the youth, like the woman who deliberates, is lost. Many deliberate without deciding: but not to resolve is to resolve. A perfect knowledge of the young man is in the prayer, “Lead us not into temptation.” How many repeat that part of the Lord’s prayer in the morning and then forget about it during the day? But temptation will come to try the young man’s strength: and once, yielded to, the power to resist grows weaker and weaker. Yield once, and a portion of virtue is gone. Resist manfully, and the first decision will give strength for life; repeated, it will become a habit.

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          In an old copy of Dickens’ All the Year Round, we came across an item that may be of sufficient interest to republish. The English national anthem of God Save the Queen – which was first publicly heard in 1745, after the defeat of Prince Charles on the fatal field of Culloden – was originally a Jacobite song, which it was dangerous to sing within hearing of the authorities. When the Jacobites spoke or sang of the king, they meant “the king over the water” and the words sung, “Send him victorious” imply clearly that the one intended was not the one already in England, but the one far away, to whom the singers were loyal in his evil fortunes. A great deal of controversy has arisen as to the authorship alike of the words and music, but no satisfactory clue has been discovered for the elucidation of either mystery. If a prize had been offered for a national anthem, expressive or patriotic, as well as dynastic loyalty, no competent critics would have awarded it to the author of the words, whomsoever he may have been. Yet this song, which grew rather than was made, is the richest jewel in the British crown, and may fairly claim to have been of more value to the house of Hanover than any standing army. God Save the King, as originally sung at Drury Lane theater, shortly after the news arrived in London that the last hopes of the Young Pretender had been crushed at Culloden, consisted of nine stanzas, or six in addition to the three which are now familiar to all of us. These three are the genuine Jacobite song, without the alliteration of a word. The remaining six were strictly Hanoverian and Whiggish, and have long since gone to the limbo that is reserved for all literary rubbish. It was a fortunate accident, if were not a profound piece of policy, by which the royal house took possession of the song of their enemies, and turned to their own glory that which was intended for their shame.